The challenge for the designers creating operating systems is to find an appropriate balance between a pre-designed and under-designed system; to propose a meta-system that promotes creativity without adding further layers of prescriptive control. Such a design strategy, besides design being adjusted to personal needs, offers also a potential to create a collective social space.
Following the idea of separation the design process into different hierarchical levels, instead of an architect controlling the overall system we could think of a contrary case, where an engineer or architect controls the design of individual parts, constructing the whole system, and the interactions between them.
In that case we have to do with a self-organizing system, where the final outcome is an emergent result of a real-time interaction between individual parts. Architect, who designs only individual components and their local interactions, also has limited control over the whole system, since the ultimate effect depends on interaction dynamics between the different components and the environment. The key- attribute of emergent complexity is its tolerance and adaptability to changeable conditions, much more flexible and responsive to alternations than complexity programmed and predesigned as a whole. Distributed types of systems are also more efficient, since every single component is responsible just for its own simple behaviour, while by combining them collective intelligence and complexity is being accomplished. |
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DESCARTES ERROR
Antoni R. Damasio
AT THE BEGINNING of this book I suggested that feeling... |
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TRUST
Francis Fukuyama
The worldwide convergence in basic institutions around liberal democracy... |
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THE END OF CERTAINTY
Ilya Prigogine
Earlier this century in The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterninism... |
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STEPS TO AN ECOLOGY OF MIND
Gregory Bateson
Other testimony has been presented... |
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AESTHETICS OF CHANGE
Bradford P. Keeney
It may be a mistake to consider the history... |
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GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY
Ludwing von Bertalanffy
An authoritative introduction to one of the most important... |
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GÖDEL, ESCHER, BACH:
Douglas R. Hofstadter
A metaphorical fugue on minds and machines in spirit of Lewis... |
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ISLAMIC PATTERNS
Keith Critchlow
A masterly exposition of Islamic pattern and the underlying... |
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LA VIDA DE LES FORMES
ESCHER
Recull d'algunes de les seves obres... |
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THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS
L. Sprague de Camp
Has the trick of being able to show technology engaging in... |
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THE SCIENCE OF CHRISTIAN ECONOMY
Lyndon H. LaRouche
From the prison cell in which the politician's... |
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THE HOLOGRAPHIC PARADIGM
Ken Wilber
Exploring the leading edge of science... |
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INCREASING RETURNS AND PATH DEPENDENCE IN THE ECONOMY
W. Brian Arthur
The essencial ideas are first introduced... |
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MICROMOTIVES AND MACROBEHAVIOR
Thomas C. Schelling
Some are grave, some whimsical. All involve... |
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS
Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers
An astonishingly ambitious and wide-ranging book... |
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WOULD-BE WORLDS
John L. Casti
How simulation is changing the frontiers of science ...
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CHAOS
James Gleick
There are fascinating stories of insight and discovery, told with a keen sense of drama... |
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THE DIVINE PROPORTION
H. E. HUNTLEY
Is there a natural aesthetic corresponds to a universal order?... |
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THE QUARK AND THE JAGUAR
Murray Gell-Mann
A book about how the wonderful diversity of the universe can arise out of a... |
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THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS
L. Sprague de Camp
Has the trick of being able to show technology engaging in... |
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ACTS OF MEANNING
Jerome Bruner
Argues that psychology should return to human concerns, especially... |
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EMERGENCE
John H. Holland
Drawing on examples from subjects as diverse as board games, neuroscience... |
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CONSILIENCE
Edwars O. Wilson
Is awork to be held in awe, to be read with joy and attentiveness, to be celebrated and challenged... |
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THE COMPLEXITY OF COOPERATION
Robert Axelrod
Is exciting because it seeks to model how changes in the identities... |
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MOLECULES OF EMOTION
Candace B. Pert
Is a hit¡ghly inspiring story of the search for the biochemical links between... |
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THE SELFISH GENE
Richard Dawkins
Demostrates a rare and welcome ability to make formidably technical findings come alive... |
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HIDDEN ORDER
John H. Holland
He moves briskly past the obligatory grand rhetoric and plunges with gusto intro ... |
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THE ORIGINS OF ORDER
Stuart A. Kauffman
There are very few people in the world who ever ask the right ... |
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SEARCHING FOR CERTAINTY
Hohn L. Casti
An impressive tour d'horizon of several huge domains, all described in an... |
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NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION
Christopher M. Bishop
... |
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THE AGE OF SPIRITUAL MACHINES
Ray Kurzweil
If in 1960 all the computers had stopped working, few people... |
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MAKING A MIDDLE LANDSCAPE
Peter G. Rowe
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THE SPACE OF ENCOUNTER
Daniel Libeskind
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EVENT-CITIES 2
Bernard Tschumi
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CITY SENSE AND CITY DESIGN
Kewin Lynch
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REMAKING PLANNING
Tim Brindley, Yvonne Rydin & Gerry Stoker
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